Amherst,
I know you'll appreciate this: There was a study done on NCAA football officiating a while back. The results showed that the ACC was an anomaly of all the other Power 5 conferences in that in the ACC, the refs tended to be more strict on the teams that were the highest ranked, which the study noted was financially detrimental to the conference. The study's conclusion was that the ACC showed strong favoritism to the original ACC schools and against the schools that joined in the years after the conference was formed. (FSU and forward).
I have no idea who did the study or how to find it beyond a generic web search. Hopefully someone here can reference it.
Here is what you are referring to (I have posted it in numerous CIS threads, especially when the usual "No there isn't ref bias" porster chimes in)
http://www.sloansportsconference.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SSAC15-RP-Poster-Paper-Referee-Analytics.pdf
Highlights:
"Contrary to profit-maximizing expectations of bias, none of the biases evident in the conferences in our study promoted favored teams. The ACC, and to a lesser extent the former Big East, actually show evidence of the opposite bias: more favored teams are penalized to a greater degree . A three touchdown favorite could expect 6.45 and 5.68 marginal increase of penalty yards in the ACC and Big East, respectively, when they played in-conference games but no change in penalty yards when playing out-of-conference as a favorite. This discrepancy points to a bias against the top teams in the leagues. Such a finding would likely lead to more parity in those leagues, as the greater number of penalty yards could occasionally result in losses for the leagues’ stronger teams against their weaker teams. Interestingly, the Big Ten demonstrates equal treatment for teams competing in in-conference games, but Big Ten teams are penalized significantly less when they play out-of-conference games as favorites."
"As with the game-level effects, the ACC shows more evidence of bias in its team-level effects than the other conferences. The ACC results demonstrate bias by penalizing teams with high football prestige less than their low prestige counterparts – a curious finding given the bias against the stronger football programs of the day. One explanation for this would be ACC officials protecting traditionally strong football programs while penalizing the more recently successful more. Supporting this notion, there is evidence of ACC officiating favoritism towards teams that have been in the league longest (founded in 1953) and more frequently flagging teams that are newer to the conference: Georgia Tech (1978), Florida State (1991), University of Miami (2004), Virginia Tech (2004), and Boston College (2005)."
"Our findings support the inference that referees from the ACC in particular officiate in-conference games differently than referees in other major conference alliances...Particularly given the betting line bias of the ACC in-conference, there is reason to believe that the ACC handicaps its stronger teams despite the financial incentives to do the opposite. Why does the ACC engage in this behavior and have these biases among officials? One possible explanation is the reputation of the ACC as a basketball conference with its four founding member North Carolina institutions (Duke, UNC, Wake Forest, and NC State) yielding the most political influence; internal ACC power may be threatened by non-founding schools with strong football that drive much of its revenue. The demise of the Big East, a league better known for their powerful basketball programs more so than their football programs, serves as a cautionary tale."